CARNATIONS Impact

GNSS Anti-Jam & Anti-Spoof Antenna Technology for MultimodalTransportation

Tangible Outcome:
Generated a rare and realistic GNSS jamming and spoofing dataset.

Captured open-sky interference data in Norway during a government-sanctioned event using advanced RF receivers and multi-element antennas.

Collected complex real-world interference signals in Israel across multiple vehicles.

Industry partner StarNav contributed additional multi-receiver datasets from a U.S. government testing event.

Enables critical testing of resilient navigation technologies under real-world threat scenarios.

Receiver Signal Processing to Resist GNSS Jamming and Spoofing Attacks

Tangible Outcomes:
Developed spoofing detection and mitigation software for resilient GNSS receiver
prototyping.

Teamed up with Sandia National Lab to prototype a Complex Cross Ambiguity Function
(CCAF)-based spoofing solution, moving closer to field deployment.

Defending Against GNSS Jamming and Spoofing by Multi-Sensor Integration

Tangible Outcomes:
Advanced patent & commercialization efforts.CARNATIONS’ provisional patent for GNSS spoofing detection using IMU technology is on track for approval (expected by Summer 2025).

This patent has benefited from a commercialization and marketing strategy developed with the Kaplan Institute at Illinois Tech.

Radio-Frequency Signal Augmentation to Reduce PNT Jamming and Spoofing Risks

Tangible Outcomes:
Future PNT satellite system design.CARNATIONS is closely collaborating with Xona Space Systems to predict the performance of their PNT-dedicated low-earth-orbiting (LEO) satellite system.
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CARNATIONS is analyzing the accuracy, integrity, continuity, and availability of the Xona Pulsar constellation considering the satellite signals, constellation design, receiver algorithms, and the extent of the ground monitoring segment.

Towards Resilient V2X Communications over 5G/6G Networks

Tangible Outcomes:
Metrics for evaluating the resilience of V2X networks.CARNATIONS defined a new metric for evaluating the resilience of V2X network timing synchronization in vehicular platoons and developed a robust design based on a diffusion protocol that enables re-synchronization of an attacked vehicle via wireless vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) links.

Multi-Vehicle/Infrastructure Jammer/Spoofer Detection and Localization

Tangible Outcomes:
PNT integrity risk reduction using collaborative localization.In this project, CARNATIONS emphasized the importance of cooperative data sharing and multi-source integration to strengthen the connected transportation ecosystem.
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Our results demonstrate that collaborative fault detection outperforms standalone approaches by leveraging relative measurements—such as inter-vehicle ranges and shared observations—that are not available in isolated systems.

Threat Models and Use Cases for Multimodal Transportation

Tangible Outcomes:
Aligned research with U.S. standards groups developing resilient PNT frameworks, including RTCA (GNSS spoofing and AI/ML), RTCM, and IEEE P1952.

Developed and field-tested a low-cost, solar-powered GPS RFI monitor aboard a ship in the Eastern Mediterranean.
The system is designed for scalable, low-cost deployment to detect and localize GNSS interference.

R-PNT virtual conflict simulation

Tangible Outcomes:
Fully integrated V2X and traffic dynamic connected vehicle freeware with cyber-attack and defense simulation capability.

CARNATIONS expects great interest in this research from the automated transportation industry and will engage CARNATIONS Advisory Board (CAB) to contribute feedback and collaborate throughout the effort.

Comprehensive Testing and Evaluation of Resilient PNT Systems

Tangible Outcomes:
Launched two public situational awareness websites to track GNSS interference using real-time, crowdsourced data:
• Stanford’s airborne spoofing monitor (rfi.stanford.edu)
• Virginia Tech’s ground-based jamming monitor (U.S. GPS CORS network)

Designing a large-scale outdoor APNT testbed with VTTI and partners to evaluate:
• Cyber-physical attacks in driving and UAS scenarios
• RF-based counter-UAS methods
• Local RF interference monitoring

Improving GNSS Resiliency Using Edge AI Solutions

Tangible Outcomes:
Practical design guidance for manufacturers.CARNATIONS is developing practical design guidance to help manufacturers mitigate GNSS cyberattacks using edge computing technologies.
We are actively engaging the CARNATIONS Advisory Board (CAB) to provide feedback and collaborate throughout the project to ensure that the resulting solutions are both technically effective and industry-relevant.

Resilient V2X Communication for Cooperative and Remote Driving